Launched in 1973-74, Project Tiger was mainly the scheme
under which the protection of the endangered species tigers,
the Panthera Tigris, was under taken. Many National Parks
were set up and improved to provide a better habitat for the
majestic cat. Due to the efforts under the Project Tiger,
the dwindling number of tigers has significantly increased.
A tiger census conducted in 1972 showed that only 1825 tigers
were alive and drastic measures had to be taken to prevent
the species from extinction.
The project was launched in 1973, and various tiger reserves
were created in the country on a 'core-buffer' strategy. The
core areas were freed from all sorts of human activities and
the buffer areas were subjected to 'conservation oriented
land use'. Management plans were drawn up for each tiger reserve,
based on the principles outlined below:
1. Elimination of all forms of human exploitation and biotic
disturbance from the core area and rationalization of activities
in the buffer zone.
2. Restricting the habitat management only to repair the damages
done to the Eco-system by human and other interference, so
as to facilitate recovery of the Eco-system to its natural
state.
3. Monitoring the faunal and floral changes over time and
carrying out research about wildlife.
Initially, 9 tiger reserves were established in different
States during the period 1973-74, by pooling the resources
available with the Central and State Governments. These nine
reserves covered an area of about 13,017sq.km-viz Manas (Assam),
Palamau (Bihar), Simlipal (Orissa), Corbett (U.P.), Kanha
(M.P.), Melghat (Maharashtra), Bandipur (Karnataka), Ranthambhore
(Rajasthan) and Sunderbans (West Bengal).
The main achievements of this project are excellent recovery
of the habitat and consequent increase in the tiger population
in the reserve areas, from a mere 268 in 9 reserves in 1972
to 1576 in 27 reserves in 2003. Tiger, being at the apex of
the food chain, can be considered as the indicator of the
stability of the Eco-system. For a viable tiger population,
a habitat should possess a good prey base, which in turn will
depend on an undisturbed forest vegetation. Thus, 'Project
Tiger', is basically the conservation of the entire Eco-system
and apart from tigers, all other wild animals also have increased
in number in the project areas. In the subsequent 'Five Year
Plans', the main thrust was to enlarge the core and buffer
zones in certain reserves, intensification of protection and
Eco development in the buffer zones of existing tiger reserves,
creation of additional tiger reserves and strengthening of
the research activities.
The various reserves under the Project tiger, at present
are: Bandipur(Karnataka), Corbett (Uttaranchal ), Kanha (Madhya
Pradesh), Manas (Assam), Melghat (Maharashtra), Palamau (Jharkhand),
Ranthambhore (Rajasthan ), Similipal (Orissa), Sunderbans
(West Bengal), Periyar (Kerala), Sariska (Rajasthan), Buxa
(West Bengal), Indravati (Chattisgarh), Nagarjunsagar (Andhra
Pradesh), Namdapha (Arunachal Pradesh ), Dudhwa (Uttar Pradesh),
Kalakad-Mundanthurai (Tamil Nadu), Valmiki (Bihar), Pench
(Madhya Pradesh), Tadoba-Andhari (Maharashtra), Bandhavgarh
(Madhya Pradesh), Panna (Madhya Pradesh), Dampha (Mizoram),
Bhadra (Karnataka), Pakhui-Nameri (Arunachal Pradesh) Bori,
Satpura, Pachmari (Madhya Pradesh).
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